Molecular Characteristics
Complete Specifications
Structural Composition
D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂ (Dmt = 2′,6′-dimethyltyrosine)
Physical Properties
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide containing both standard and non-natural amino acid residues, including D-amino acids and 2′,6′-dimethyltyrosine, which contribute to enhanced resistance to enzymatic degradation under research conditions. Its small size and cationic nature support efficient cellular interaction and strong aqueous solubility. Lyophilized storage under cold, dry conditions is recommended. Protection from moisture, light exposure, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles helps preserve structural integrity and maintain analytical consistency during laboratory applications.
Research Applications
Mitochondrial Function and Bioenergetics Research
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is utilized as a mitochondria-targeting peptide in research studies examining bioenergetic regulation and inner mitochondrial membrane dynamics. Laboratory investigations focus on its role in:
- Cardiolipin Interaction Models: Investigation of peptide binding dynamics within mitochondrial inner membrane structures
- Electron Transport Chain Studies: Evaluation of signaling pathways associated with oxidative phosphorylation efficiency
- ATP Production Research: Analysis of intracellular mechanisms influencing cellular energy output
- Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Models: Examination of electrochemical gradient regulation and stability
- Peptide Stability Studies: Investigation of structural persistence and mitochondrial targeting efficiency in laboratory systems
Experimental protocols commonly employ mitochondrial assays, cellular respiration measurements, and bioenergetic profiling techniques to characterize SS-31–mediated responses.
Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling Research
SS-31 has been examined in research contexts involving oxidative stress regulation and redox-associated intracellular signaling pathways. Key areas of investigation include:
- Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Models: Evaluation of intracellular signaling associated with oxidative balance
- Antioxidant Pathway Studies: Investigation of cellular defense mechanisms within mitochondrial systems
- Lipid Peroxidation Research: Analysis of membrane-associated oxidative signaling processes
- Apoptosis Regulation Models: Research into mitochondrial signaling pathways influencing cell survival
- Redox Homeostasis Studies: Examination of coordinated intracellular signaling maintaining oxidative equilibrium
These studies utilize oxidative biomarker assays, mitochondrial imaging techniques, and intracellular signaling analyses to evaluate redox regulatory outcomes.
Cellular Energy and Metabolic Signaling Research
SS-31 has also been explored in research models examining cellular energy regulation and metabolic-associated intracellular pathways, including:
- AMPK Pathway Models: Evaluation of energy-sensing signaling mechanisms within cellular systems
- Mitochondrial Biogenesis Studies: Investigation of transcriptional pathways associated with organelle replication
- Substrate Utilization Research: Analysis of intracellular mechanisms influencing metabolic efficiency
- Metabolic Stress Adaptation Studies: Examination of cellular responses to energy demand fluctuations
Laboratory protocols assess metabolic enzyme activity, transcriptional markers, and intracellular signaling cascades using biochemical and molecular techniques.
Cellular Signaling and Mitochondrial Network Research
Additional research applications explore SS-31’s influence on intracellular regulatory systems involved in mitochondrial coordination and cellular homeostasis, including:
- MAPK and PI3K-AKT Pathway Studies: Investigation of cascades associated with cellular survival signaling
- Gene Expression Profiling: Analysis of transcriptional responses linked to mitochondrial regulation
- Mitochondrial Dynamics Research: Examination of fusion, fission, and structural adaptation processes
- Integrated Bioenergetic Network Models: Analysis of coordinated signaling systems maintaining cellular energy equilibrium
Research in this domain focuses on understanding how SS-31 influences mitochondrial signaling pathways, bioenergetic regulation, and adaptive cellular responses under controlled experimental conditions.
Laboratory Handling and Storage Protocols
Lyophilized Powder Storage
- Store at –20°C to –80°C in the original, sealed vial
- Protect from light exposure and moisture
- A desiccated storage environment is recommended
- Stability data suggests extended stability when stored at −20 °C or below.
Reconstituted Solution Storage
- Short-term storage: Up to 7 days at 4°C
- Long-term storage: Store at –20°C in aliquots
- Use single-use aliquots to preserve peptide integrity
- Minimize freeze–thaw cycles; single-use aliquots are strongly recommended
Stability Characteristics
Selank is a synthetic peptide research compound that demonstrates stable handling characteristics when managed according to standard peptide laboratory protocols. Proper cold storage of the lyophilized material, careful reconstitution, and minimized freeze–thaw exposure help maintain structural integrity and solubility. When handled appropriately, Selank supports consistent use in in vitro and analytical research applications.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is SS-31 (Elamipretide)?
SS-31 is a synthetic mitochondrial-targeting tetrapeptide developed for experimental research involving mitochondrial structure and function.
What is SS-31 commonly researched for?
In laboratory and preclinical models, SS-31 is studied for:
- Mitochondrial membrane interaction research
- Cardiolipin-associated pathway investigations
- Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) models
- Cellular energy production and bioenergetics studies
- Mitochondrial signaling and stability mechanisms
All applications are exploratory and conducted in controlled research environments.
How does SS-31 differ from other mitochondrial compounds like MOTS-c?
SS-31 is designed to directly interact with mitochondrial membranes, whereas peptides like MOTS-c are encoded by mitochondrial DNA and are studied for metabolic signaling pathways. Their mechanisms differ significantly in research models.
Is SS-31 naturally occurring?
No. SS-31 is a synthetically engineered peptide and does not occur naturally in biological systems.
How is SS-31 supplied?
SS-31 is typically supplied as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder in sealed research vials to preserve stability during storage and shipment.
How should unreconstituted SS-31 be stored?
Lyophilized Selank should be stored:
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Long-term: −20 °C to −80 °C
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Short-term: 2–8 °C
Keep vials sealed and protected from light and moisture until use.
How should reconstituted SS-31 be handled and stored?
Once reconstituted:
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Store at 2–8 °C for short-term laboratory use
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For extended storage, aliquot and freeze at −20 °C or below
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Minimize freeze–thaw cycles using single-use aliquots
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Gently swirl to mix; avoid vigorous agitation
Does SS-31 require a Certificate of Analysis (COA)?
Yes. A Certificate of Analysis (COA) should be available for each batch, verifying peptide identity, purity, and analytical testing results to ensure research quality and traceability.
Is SS-31 FDA-approved?
Research-grade SS-31 (Elamipretide) is not FDA-approved as a drug, supplement, or therapeutic product. It is sold exclusively as a research compound and must not be marketed or used for diagnostic, therapeutic, or consumption purposes.
This product is not for human consumption. It is sold strictly for research and educational purposes and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Any clinical data or research information referenced on this page is derived from peer-reviewed scientific literature and official publications. This information is provided for educational reference only and does not constitute medical advice or product claims.
By purchasing this product, you acknowledge that you are a qualified researcher and agree to use it in full compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.
